The project is about Ugandan coffee, the people who cultivate it and the environments in which it grows. Though coffee agroforestry systems (AFS) offer many benefits to producers, the major share of global coffee production is from monocrop systems, which place production and livelihoods in jeopardy in the face of climate change. We will integrate new knowledge from multiple perspectives and disciplines concerning agroforestry (AF), incl. crop-tree-climate interactions and human ecological dimensions of AF, leading to understanding of this paradox. We will apply a digital modelling tool to develop hyper-localized models of AF systems and their outputs, develop scenario-based AF decision support, and co-design new business models for producers, traders, and roasters leading to market-driven, inclusive coffee value chains based on climate-smart AF. APCCO will examine the agricultural transformations among Ugandan coffee farmers, and channel our core findings into a scalable, scenario-building methodology coupled with economically feasible business models, applicable to smallholder coffee farming across the tropics. The AF paradox seems partly caused by fragmentation of knowledge at several levels, incl. science, practitioners and policy. Through the APCCO project, we propose to disentangle the biophysical, socio-economic, and knowledge-based drivers and/or challenges leading to the AF paradox. We propose to create digital 'twins' digital versions of farms of Ugandan Robusta AFS and model scenarios of farm-specific AFS incl. multiple crop outputs and carbon build-up. By doing this, we will improve decision-making in the design of AFS for increased crop-tree synergies, ultimately for the benefit of the farmer and a reduced living income gap.